Amos 1

Am 1:1-15.

GOD'S

JUDGMENTS ON

SYRIA,

PHILISTIA,

TYRE,

EDOM, AND

AMMON.

1. The words of Amos--that is, Amos' oracular

communications. A heading found only in

Jer 1:1.

among the herdmen--rather, "shepherds"; both owning and tending

sheep; from an Arabic root, "to mark with pricks," namely, to select

the best among a species of sheep and goats

ill-shapen and short-footed (as others explain the name from an

Arabic root), but distinguished by their wool

[MAURER]. God chooses

"the weak things of the world to confound the mighty," and makes a

humble shepherd reprove the arrogance of Israel and her king arising

from prosperity (compare

1Sa 17:40).

which he saw--in supernatural vision

(Isa 1:1).

two years before the earthquake--mentioned in

Zec 14:5.

The earthquake occurred in Uzziah's reign, at the time of his being

stricken with leprosy for usurping the priest's functions [JOSEPHUS, Antiquities, 9:10.4]. This clause must

have been inserted by Ezra and the compilers of the Jewish canon.

2. will roar--as a lion

(Joe 3:16).

Whereas Jehovah is there represented roaring in Israel's behalf, here

He roars against her (compare

Ps 18:13;

Jer 25:30).

from Zion . . . Jerusalem--the seat of the theocracy, from which ye

have revolted; not from Dan and Beth-el, the seat of your idolatrous

worship of the calves.

habitations . . . mourn--poetical personification. Their

inhabitants shall mourn, imparting a sadness to the very

habitations.

Carmel--the mountain promontory north of Israel, in Asher, abounding in

rich pastures, olives, and vines. The name is the symbol of fertility. When Carmel itself "withers," how utter the desolation!

(So 7:5;

Isa 33:9; 35:2;

Jer 50:19;

Na 1:4).

3. Here begins a series of threatenings of vengeance against six other

states, followed by one against Judah, and ending with one against

Israel, with whom the rest of the prophecy is occupied. The eight

predictions are in symmetrical stanzas, each prefaced by "Thus saith the

Lord." Beginning with the sin of others, which Israel would be ready

enough to recognize, he proceeds to bring home to Israel her own guilt.

Israel must not think hereafter, because she sees others visited

similarly to herself, that such judgments are matters of chance; nay,

they are divinely foreseen and foreordered, and are confirmations of the

truth that God will not clear the guilty. If God spares not the nations

that know not the truth, how much less Israel that sins wilfully

(Lu 12:47, 48;

Jas 4:17)!

for three transgressions . . . and for four--If Damascus had only

sinned once or twice, I would have spared them, but since, after having

been so often pardoned, they still persevere so continually, I will

no longer "turn away" their punishment. The Hebrew is simply, "I

will not reverse it," namely, the sentence of punishment which

follows; the negative expression implies more than it expresses; that

is, "I will most surely execute it"; God's fulfilment of His threats

being more awful than human language can express. "Three and four"

imply sin multiplied on sin (compare

Ex 20:5;

Pr 30:15, 18, 21;

"six and seven,"

Job 5:19;

"once and twice,"

Job 33:14;

"twice and thrice," Margin; "oftentimes," English Version,

Job 33:29;

"seven and also eight,"

Ec 11:2).

There may be also a reference to seven, the product of

three and four added; seven expressing the full

completion of the measure of their guilt

(Le 26:18, 21, 24;

compare

Mt 23:32).

threshed--the very term used of the Syrian king Hazael's oppression

of Israel under Jehu and Jehoahaz

(2Ki 10:32, 33; 13:7).

The victims were thrown before the threshing sledges, the teeth of

which tore their bodies. So David to Ammon

(2Sa 12:31;

compare

Isa 28:27).

4. Hazael . . . Ben-hadad--A black marble obelisk

found in the central palace of Nimroud, and now in the British Museum,

is inscribed with the names of Hazael and Ben-hadad of Syria, as well

as Jehu of Israel, mentioned as tributaries of "Shalmanubar," king of

Assyria. The kind of tribute from Jehu is mentioned: gold, pearls,

precious oil, &c. [G. V. SMITH]. The Ben-hadad

here is the son of Hazael

(2Ki 13:3),

not the Ben-hadad supplanted and slain by Hazael

(2Ki 8:7, 15).

The phrase, "I will send a fire," that is, the flame of war

(Ps 78:63),

occurs also in

Am 1:7, 10, 12, 14,

and Am 2:2, 5;

Jer 49:27;

Ho 8:14.

5. bar of Damascus--that is, the bar of its gates (compare

Jer 51:30).

the inhabitant--singular for plural, "inhabitants."

HENDERSON,

because of the parallel, "him that holdeth the scepter," translates,

"the ruler." But the parallelism is that of one clause complementing the

other, "the inhabitant" or subject here answering to "him that

holdeth the scepter" or ruler there, both ruler and subject alike

being cut off.

Aven--the same as Oon or Un, a delightful valley,

four hours' journey from Damascus, towards the desert. Proverbial in

the East as a place of delight [JOSEPHUS ABASSUS]. It is here parallel to "Eden," which also means

"pleasantness"; situated at Lebanon. As JOSEPHUS

ABASSUS is a doubtful authority, perhaps the

reference may be rather to the valley between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon,

called El-Bekaa, where are the ruins of the Baal-bek temple of

the sun; so the Septuagint renders it On, the same name

as the city in Egypt bears, dedicated to the sun-worship

(Ge 41:45;

Heliopolis, "the city of the sun,"

Eze 30:17,

Margin). It is termed by Amos "the valley of Aven," or "vanity,"

from the worship of idols in it.

Kir--a region subject to Assyria

(Isa 22:6)

in Iberia, the same as that called now in Armenian Kur, lying by

the river Cyrus which empties itself into the Caspian Sea.

Tiglath-pileser fulfilled this prophecy when Ahaz applied for help to

him against Rezin king of Syria, and the Assyrian king took Damascus,

slew Rezin, and carried away its people captive to Kir.

6. Gaza--the southernmost of the five capitals of the five divisions

of Philistia, and the key to Palestine on the south: hence put for the

whole Philistine nation. Uzziah commenced the fulfilment of this

prophecy (see

2Ch 26:6).

because they carried away . . . the whole captivity--that is, they left

none. Compare with the phrase here,

Jer 13:19,

"Judah . . . carried captive all of it . . .

wholly carried away." Under Jehoram already the Philistines had

carried away all the substance of the king of Judah, and his wives and

his sons, "so that there was never a son left to him, save Jehoahaz";

and after Amos' time (if the reference includes the future,

which to the prophet's eye is as if already done), under Ahaz

(2Ch 28:18),

they seized on all the cities and villages of the low country and south

of Judah.

to deliver them up to Edom--Judah's bitterest foe; as slaves

(Am 1:9;

compare

Joe 3:1, 3, 6).

GROTIUS refers it to the fact

(Isa 16:4)

that on Sennacherib's invasion of Judah, many fled for refuge to

neighboring countries; the Philistines, instead of hospitably

sheltering the refugees, sold them, as if captives in war, to their

enemies, the Idumeans.

7. fire--that is, the flame of war

(Nu 21:28;

Isa 26:11).

Hezekiah fulfilled the prophecy, smiting the Philistines unto Gaza

(2Ki 18:8).

Foretold also by

Isa 14:29, 31.

8. Ashdod, &c.--Gath alone is not mentioned of the five chief

Philistine cities. It had already been subdued by David; and it, as well

as Ashdod, was taken by Uzziah

(2Ch 26:6).

Gath perhaps had lost its position as one of the five primary cities

before Amos uttered this prophecy, whence arose his omission of it. So

Zep 2:4, 5.

Compare

Jer 47:4;

Eze 25:16.

Subsequently to the subjugation of the Philistines by Uzziah, and then

Nebuchadnezzar, the Persians, Alexander, and lastly the Asmoneans.

9. Tyrus . . . delivered up the . . . captivity to Edom--the same

charge as against the Philistines

(Am 1:6).

remembered not the brotherly covenant--the league of Hiram of Tyre

with David and Solomon, the former supplying cedars for the building of

the temple and king's house in return for oil and corn

(2Sa 5:11;

1Ki 5:2-6; 9:11-14, 27; 10-22;

1Ch 14:1;

2Ch 8:18; 9:10).

10. fire--(Compare

Am 1:4, 7;

Isa 23:1-18;

Eze 26:1-28:26).

Many parts of Tyre were burnt by fiery missiles of the Chaldeans under

Nebuchadnezzar. Alexander of Macedon subsequently overthrew it.

11. Edom . . . did pursue his brother--

(Isa 34:5).

The chief aggravation to Edom's violence against Israel was that they

both came from the same parents, Isaac and Rebekah (compare

Ge 25:24-26;

De 23:7, 8;

Ob 10, 12;

Mal 1:2).

cast off all pity--literally, "destroy compassions," that is, did

suppress all the natural feeling of pity for a brother in distress.

his wrath for ever--As Esau kept up his grudge against Jacob, for

having twice supplanted him, namely, as to the birthright and the

blessing

(Ge 27:41),

so Esau's posterity against Israel

(Nu 20:14, 21).

Edom first showed his spite in not letting Israel pass through his

borders when coming from the wilderness, but threatening to "come out

against him with the sword"; next, when the Syrians attacked Jerusalem

under Ahaz (compare

2Ch 28:17,

with 2Ki 16:5);

next, when Nebuchadnezzar assailed Jerusalem

(Ps 137:7, 8).

In each case Edom chose the day of Israel's calamity for venting his

grudge. This is the point of Edom's guilt dwelt on in

Ob 10-13.

God punishes the children, not for the sin of their fathers, but for

their own filling up the measure of their fathers' guilt, as children

generally follow in the steps of, and even exceed, their fathers' guilt

(compare

Ex 20:5).

12. Teman--a city of Edom, called from a grandson of Esau

(Ge 36:11, 15;

Ob 8, 9);

situated five miles from Petra; south of the present Wady Musa. Its

people were famed for wisdom

(Jer 49:7).

Bozrah--a city of Edom

(Isa 63:1).

Selah or Petra is not mentioned, as it had been overthrown by Amaziah

(2Ki 14:7).

13. Ammon--The Ammonites under Nahash attacked Jabesh-gilead and

refused to accept the offer of the latter to save them, unless the

Jabesh-gileadites would put out all their right eyes

(1Sa 11:1,

&c.). Saul rescued Jabesh-gilead. The Ammonites joined the Chaldeans

in their invasion of Judea for the sake of plunder.

ripped up . . . women with-child--as Hazael of Syria also did

(2Ki 8:12;

compare

Ho 13:16).

Ammon's object in this cruel act was to leave Israel without "heir," so

as to seize on Israel's inheritance

(Jer 49:1).

14. Rabbah--the capital of Ammon: meaning "the Great." Distinct from

Rabbah of Moab. Called Philadelphia, afterwards, from Ptolemy

Philadelphus.

tempest--that is, with an onset swift, sudden, and resistless as a

hurricane.

day of the whirlwind--parallel to "the day of battle"; therefore

meaning "the day of the foe's tumultuous assault."

15. their king . . . princes--or else, "their Molech

(the idol of Ammon) and his priests" [GROTIUS and

Septuagint].

Isa 43:28

so uses "princes" for "priests." So

Am 5:26,

"your Molech"; and

Jer 49:3,

Margin. English Version, however, is perhaps preferable both

here and in

Jer 49:3;

see on

Jer 49:3.