Acts 12

Ac 12:1-19.

PERSECUTION OF THE

CHURCH BY

HEROD

AGRIPPA I--MARTYRDOM OF

JAMES AND

MIRACULOUS

DELIVERANCE OF

PETER.

1-3. Herod the king--grandson of Herod the Great, and son of

Aristobulus. He at this time ruled over all his father's dominions.

PALEY has remarked the accuracy of the historian here. For thirty years

before this there was no king at Jerusalem exercising supreme authority

over Judea, nor was there ever afterwards, save during the three last

years of Herod's life, within which the transactions occurred.

2. killed James . . . with the sword--beheaded him; a

most ignominious mode of punishment, according to the Jews. Blessed

martyr! Thou hast indeed "drunk of thy Lord's cup, and hast been

baptized with his baptism." (See on

Mr 10:38-40.)

A grievous loss this would be to the Church; for though nothing is

known of him beyond what we read in the Gospels, the place which he had

as one of the three whom the Lord admitted to His closest intimacy

would lead the Church to look up to him with a reverence and affection

which even their enemies would come to hear of. They could spring only

upon one more prized victim; and flushed with their first success, they

prevail upon Herod to seize him also.

3. because he saw it pleased the Jews--Popularity was the ruling

passion of this Herod, not naturally so cruel as some of the family

[JOSEPHUS, Antiquities, 19.7.3].

to take Peter also--whose loss, at this stage of the Church, would

have been, so far as we can see, irreparable.

Then were the days of unleavened bread--seven in number, during which,

after killing and eating the Passover, no leaven was allowed in Jewish

houses

(Ex 12:15, 19).

4. delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers--that is, to four

parties of four each, corresponding to the four Roman watches; two

watching in prison and two at the gates, and each party being on duty

for the space of one watch.

intending after Easter--rather, "after the Passover"; that is, after

the whole festival was over. (The word in our King James Version is an

ecclesiastical term of later date, and ought not to have been employed

here).

to bring him forth to the people--for execution; for during "the days

of unleavened bread," or the currency of any religious festival, the

Jews had a prejudice against trying or putting anyone to death.

5, 6. prayer was made without ceasing--rather, "instant," "earnest,"

"urgent" (Margin); as in

Lu 22:44;

Ac 26:7;

and 1Pe 4:8

(see Greek).

of the church unto God for him--not in public assembly, for it was

evidently not safe to meet thus; but in little groups in private houses,

one of which was Mary's

(Ac 12:12).

And this was kept up during all the days of unleavened bread.

6. And when Herod would have brought him forth--"was going to bring

him forth."

the same night--but a few hours before the intended execution. Thus

long were the disciples kept waiting; their prayers apparently

unavailing, and their faith, as would seem from the sequel, waxing

feeble. Such, however, is the "law" of God's procedure

(De 32:36

and see on

Joh 21:3).

Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two

chains--Roman prisoners had a chain fastened at one end to the

wrist of their fight hand, and at the other to the wrist of a soldier's

left hand, leaving the right arm of the keeper free in case of any

attempt to escape. For greater security the prisoner was sometimes, as

here, chained to two soldiers, one on each side. (See

Ac 21:23.)

Ye think your prey secure, bloodthirsty priests and thou obsequious

tyrant who, to "please the Jews," hast shut in this most eminent of the

servants of Christ within double gates, guarded by double sentinels,

while double keepers and double chains seem to defy all rescue! So

thought the chief priests, who "made the sepulchre of the Lord sure,

sealing the stone and setting a watch." But "He that sitteth in heaven

shall laugh at you." Meanwhile, "Peter is sleeping!" In a few hours he

expects a stingless death; "neither counts he his life dear unto him,

so that he may finish his course with joy and the ministry which he has

received of the Lord Jesus." In this frame of spirit he has dropped

asleep, and lies the picture of peace.

7-11. the angel of the Lord--rather, "an angel."

came upon him--so in

Lu 2:9,

expressive of the unexpected nature of the visit.

smote Peter on the side . . . Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off

. . . Gird thyself . . . And so he did . . . Cast thy garment--tunic,

which he had thrown off for the night.

8. about thee . . . follow me--In such graphic minuteness of detail

we have a charming mark of reality: while the rapidity and curtness of

the orders, and the promptitude with which they were obeyed, betoken the

despatch which, in the circumstances, was necessary.

9. wist not that it was true; but thought he saw a vision--So little

did the apostle look for deliverance!

10. first and the second ward . . . the iron gate that leadeth unto the

city--We can only conjecture the precise meaning of all this, not

knowing the position of the prison.

passed on through one street; and forthwith the angel departed from

him--when he had placed him beyond pursuit. Thus "He disappointeth the

devices of the crafty, so that their heads cannot perform their

enterprise"

(Job 5:12).

11. when Peter was come to himself--recovered from his bewilderment,

and had time to look back upon all the steps that had followed each

other in such rapid succession.

Now I know of a surety, that the Lord hath sent his angel, and hath

delivered me, &c.--another evidence that Peter expected nothing but

to seal his testimony with his blood on this occasion.

12-17. he came to the house of Mary, &c.--who "must have had a house

of some pretensions to receive a large number; and, accordingly, we read

that her brother Barnabas

(Col 4:10)

was a person of substance

(Ac 4:37).

She must also have been distinguished for faith and courage to allow

such a meeting in the face of persecution" [WEBSTER and WILKINSON]. To such a

house it was natural that Peter should come.

mother of John . . . Mark--so called to distinguish him from the

apostle of that name, and to distinguish her from the other Marys.

where many were gathered together praying--doubtless for Peter's

deliverance, and continuing, no doubt, on this the last of the days of

unleavened bread, which was their last hope, all night in prayer to God.

13. came to hearken--not to open; for neither was it a time nor an

hour of night for that, but to listen who was there.

14. opened not for gladness, but ran in and told, &c.--How exquisite

is this touch of nature!

15. Thou art mad--one of those exclamations which one can hardly

resist on hearing what seems far "too good to be true."

she constantly affirmed--"kept steadfastly affirming."

that it was even so. Then said they, It is his angel--his

disembodied spirit, his ghost; anything, in fact, rather than himself.

Though this had been the burden of their fervent prayers during all the

days of unleavened bread, they dispute themselves out of it as a thing

incredible. Still, it is but the unbelief of the disciples who

"believed not for joy and wondered" at the tidings of their

Lord's resurrection. How often do we pray for what we can hardly

credit the bestowment of, when it comes in answer to our prayers! This,

however, argues not so much hard unbelief as that kind of it incident

to the best in this land of shadows, which perceives not so clearly as

it might how very near heaven and earth, the Lord and His praying

people, are to each other.

16. Peter continued knocking--delay being dangerous.

17. But he, beckoning . . . with his hand to hold their peace--a lively

touch this. In the hubbub of joyful and wondering interrogatories there

might mingle reflections, thrown out by one against another, for holding

out so long against the testimony of Rhoda; while the emotion of the

apostle's own spirit would be too deep and solemn to take part in such

demonstrations or utter a word till, with his hand, he had signified his

wish for perfect silence.

Go show these things unto James and to the brethren--Whether James the

son of Alpheus, one of the Twelve, usually known as "James the Less,"

and "James the Lord's brother"

(Ga 1:19),

were the same person; and if not, whether the James here referred to

was the former or the latter, critics are singularly divided, and the

whole question is one of the most difficult. To us, it appears that

there are strong reasons for thinking that they were not the

same person, and that the one here meant, and throughout the Acts, is

the apostle James. (But on this more hereafter). James is

singled out, because he had probably begun to take the oversight of the

Church in Jerusalem, which we afterwards find him exercising

(Ac 15:1-29).

And he departed, and went into another place--according to his Lord's

express command

(Mt 10:23).

When told, on a former miraculous liberation from prison, to go and

speak unto the people

(Ac 5:20),

he did it; but in this case to present himself in public would have been

to tempt God by rushing upon certain destruction.

18, 19. as soon as it was day, &c.--His deliverance must have been

during the fourth watch (three to six A.M.); else he must have been

missed by the keepers at the change of the watch [WIES].

19. examined the keepers--who, either like the keepers of our Lord's

sepulchre, had "shaken and become as dead men"

(Mt 28:4),

or had slept on their watch and been divinely kept from awaking.

commanded that they should be put to death--Impotent vengeance!

Ac 12:20-25.

HEROD'S

MISERABLE

END--GROWING

SUCCESS OF THE

GOSPEL--BARNABAS AND

SAUL

RETURN TO

ANTIOCH.

20. Herod was . . . displeased with them of Tyre and Sidon--for some

reason unknown; but the effect on their commercial relations made the

latter glad to sue for peace.

their country was nourished by the king's country--See

1Ki 5:11;

Ezr 3:7;

Eze 27:17.

Perhaps the famine

(Ac 11:28)

made them the more urgent for reconciliation.

21. And upon a set day Herod . . . made an oration unto them--to the

Tyrians and Sidonians especially.

22, 23. the people gave a shout, &c.--JOSEPHUS' account of his death

is remarkably similar to this [Antiquities, 19.8.2]. Several cases

of such deaths occur in history. Thus was this wretched man nearer his

end than he of whom he had thought to make a public spectacle.

24. But the word grew, &c.--that is, Not only was the royal

representative ignominiously swept from the stage, while his intended

victim was spared to the Church, but the cause which he and his Jewish

instigators sought to crush was only furthered and glorified. How full

of encouragement and consolation is all this to the Christian Church in

every age!

25. Barnabas and Saul returned from Jerusalem--where, it thus appears,

they had remained during all this persecution.

when they had fulfilled their ministry--or service; that mentioned on

Ac 11:29, 30.

took with them John . . . Mark--(See on

Ac 12:12),

not to be confounded with the second Evangelist, as is often done. As

his uncle was Barnabas, so his spiritual father was Peter

(1Pe 5:13).