Jeremiah 25

Jer 25:1-38.

PROPHECY OF THE

SEVENTY

YEARS'

CAPTIVITY; AND AFTER

THAT THE

DESTRUCTION OF

BABYLON, AND OF

ALL THE

NATIONS

THAT

OPPRESSED THE

JEWS.

1. fourth year of Jehoiakim--called the third year in

Da 1:1.

But probably Jehoiakim was set on the throne by Pharaoh-necho on his

return from Carchemish about July, whereas Nebuchadnezzar

mounted the throne January 21, 604 B.C.; so that

Nebuchadnezzar's first year was partly the third, partly the

fourth, of Jehoiakim's. Here first Jeremiah gives specific

dates. Nebuchadnezzar had previously entered Judea in the reign of his

father Nabopolassar.

3. From the thirteenth year of Josiah, in which Jeremiah began to

prophesy

(Jer 1:1),

to the end of Josiah's reign, was nineteen years

(2Ki 22:1);

the three months

2 Kings 23. 31)

of Jehoahaz' reign, with the not quite complete four years of Jehoiakim

(Jer 25:1),

added to the nineteen years, make up twenty-three years in all.

4. rising early--(See on

Jer 7:13).

"The prophets" refer to Urijah, Zephaniah, Habakkuk, &c. It aggravates

their sin, that God sent not merely one but many messengers, and those

messengers, prophets; and, that during all those years specified,

Jeremiah and his fellow prophets spared no effort, late and

early.

5. Turn . . . dwell--In Hebrew there is expressed by sameness of

sounds the correspondence between their turning to God and God's

turning to them to permit them to dwell in their land:

Shubu . . . shebu, "Return" . . . so shall ye "remain."

every one from . . . evil--Each must separately

repent and turn from his own sin. None is excepted, lest they

should think their guilt extenuated because the evil is general.

6. He instances one sin, idolatry, as representative of all their

sins; as nothing is dearer to God than a pure worship of Himself.

7. Though ye provoke Me to anger

(De 32:21),

yet it is not I, but yourselves, whom ye thereby hurt

(Pr 8:36; 20:2).

9. the north--(see on

Jer 1:14, 15).

The Medes and other northern peoples, confederate with Babylon, are

included with the Chaldeans.

my servant--My agent for punishing

(Jer 27:6; 43:10;

compare

Jer 40:2).

Compare

Isa 44:28;

Cyrus, "My shepherd." God makes even unbelievers unconsciously to

fulfil His designs. A reproof to the Jews, who boasted that they were

the servants of God; yet a heathen king is to be more the

servant of God than they, and that as the agent of their

punishment.

10.

(Jer 7:34;

Re 18:23).

The land shall be so desolated that even in the houses left standing

there shall be no inhabitant; a terrible stillness shall prevail; no

sound of the hand-mill (two circular stones, one above the

other, for grinding corn, worked by two women,

Ex 11:5;

Mt 24:41;

in daily use in every house, and therefore forbidden to be taken in

pledge,

De 24:6);

no night-light, so universal in the East that the poorest house

has it, burning all night.

candle--lamp

(Job 21:17; 18:6).

11. seventy years--

(Jer 27:7).

The exact number of years of Sabbaths in four hundred ninety years, the

period from Saul to the Babylonian captivity; righteous retribution for

their violation of the Sabbath

(Le 26:34, 35;

2Ch 36:21).

The seventy years probably begin from the fourth year of Jehoiakim,

when Jerusalem was first captured, and many captives, as well as the

treasures of the temple, were carried away; they end with the first

year of Cyrus, who, on taking Babylon, issued an edict for the

restoration of the Jews

(Ezr 1:1).

Daniel's seventy prophetic weeks are based on the seventy years

of the captivity (compare

Da 9:2, 24).

13. all . . . written in this book, which Jeremiah

. . . prophesied against all . . . nations--It

follows from this, that the prophecies against foreign nations

(forty-sixth through fifty-first chapters) must have been already

written. Hence the Septuagint inserts here those prophecies. But

if they had followed immediately

(Jer 25:13),

there would have been no propriety in the observation in the verse. The

very wording of the reference shows that they existed in some other

part of the book, and not in the immediate context. It was in this very

year, the fourth of Jehoiakim

(Jer 36:1, 2),

that Jeremiah was directed to write in a regular book for the

first time all that he had prophesied against Judah and foreign

"nations" from the beginning of his ministry. Probably, at a

subsequent time, when he completed the whole work, including the

forty-sixth through fifty-first chapters, Jeremiah himself inserted the

clause, "all that is written in this book, which Jeremiah hath

prophesied against all the nations." The prophecies in question may

have been repeated, as others in Jeremiah, more than once; so in the

original smaller collection they may have stood in an earlier position;

and, in the fuller subsequent collection, in their later and present

position.

14. serve themselves--

(Jer 27:7; 30:8; 34:10).

Avail themselves of their services as slaves.

them also--the Chaldees, who heretofore have made other nations their

slaves, shall themselves also in their turn be slaves to them.

MAURER translates, "shall impose servitude on them, even them."

recompense them--namely, the Chaldees and other nations against whom

Jeremiah had prophesied

(Jer 25:13),

as having oppressed the Jews.

their deeds--rather, "deed," namely, their bad treatment of the Jews

(Jer 50:29; 51:6, 24;

compare

2Ch 36:17).

15. wine cup--Compare

Jer 13:12, 13,

as to this image, to express stupefying judgments; also

Jer 49:12; 51:7.

Jeremiah often embodies the imagery of Isaiah in his prophecies

(La 4:21;

Isa 51:17-22;

Re 16:19; 18:6).

The wine cup was not literally given by Jeremiah to the representatives

of the different nations; but only in symbolical vision.

16. be moved--reel

(Na 3:11).

18. Jerusalem--put first: for "judgment begins at the house of God";

they being most guilty whose religious privileges are greatest

(1Pe 4:17).

kings--Jehoiakim, Jeconiah, and Zedekiah.

as it is this day--The accomplishment of the curse had already begun

under Jehoiakim. This clause, however, may have been inserted by

Jeremiah at his final revision of his prophecies in Egypt.

19. Pharaoh--put next after Jerusalem, because the Jews had relied

most on him, and Egypt and Judea stood on a common footing

(Jer 46:2, 25).

20. mingled people--mercenary foreign troops serving under

Pharaoh-hophra in the time of Jeremiah. The employment of these

foreigners provoked the native Egyptians to overthrow him. Psammetichus,

father of Pharaoh-necho, also had given a settlement in Egypt to Ionian

and Carian adventurers [HERODOTUS, 2.152, 154].

(Compare

Jer 50:37;

see on

Isa 19:2, 3;

Isa 20:1;

Eze 30:5.

The term is first found in

Ex 12:38.

Uz--in the geographical order here, between Egypt and the states

along the Mediterranean; therefore not the "Uz" of

Job 1:1

(north of Arabia-Deserta), but the northern part of

Arabia-Petræa, between the sea and Idumea

(La 4:21;

see

Ge 36:20, 28).

remnant of Ashdod--called a "remnant," because Ashdod had lost most

of its inhabitants in the twenty-nine years siege by Psammetichus.

Compare also see on

Isa 20:1.

Gath is not mentioned because it was overthrown in the same war.

21. Edom . . . Moab . . . Ammon--joined together, as being related to

Israel (see

Jer 48:1-49:39).

22. all the kings of Tyrus--the petty kings of the various dependencies

of Tyre.

isles--a term including all maritime regions

(Ps 72:10).

23. Dedan--north of Arabia

(Ge 25:3, 4).

Tema . . . Buz--neighboring tribes north of Arabia

(Job 32:2).

all . . . in . . . utmost corners--rather, "having the

hair cut in angles," a heathenish custom

(see on

Jer 9:26).

24. mingled people--not in the same sense as in

Jer 25:20;

the "motley crowd," so called in contempt (compare

Jer 49:28, 31; 50:37).

repetition of the name is not likely. BLANEY

thinks there were two divisions of what we call Arabia, the west

(Araba) and the east. The west included Arabia-Petræa and

the parts on the sea bordering on Egypt, the land of Cush; the east,

Arabia-Felix and Deserta. The latter are "the mixed race" inhabiting

the desert.

25. Zimri--perhaps the Zabra mentioned by

PTOLEMY between Mecca

and Medina. Zimran also, as Dedan, was one of Abraham's sons by

Keturah

(Ge 25:2).

Elam--properly, west of Persia; but used for Persia in general.

26. Sheshach--Babylon; as the parallelism in

Jer 51:41

proves. In the Cabalistic system (called Athbash, the first

Hebrew letter in the alphabet being expressed by the last)

Sheshach would exactly answer to Babel. Jeremiah

may have used this system (as perhaps in

Jer 51:41)

for concealment at the time of this prediction, in the fourth year of

Jehoiakim, while Nebuchadnezzar was before Jerusalem. In

Jer 51:41

there can be no concealment, as Babylon is expressly mentioned. MICHAELIS more simply explains the term "brazen-gated"

(compare

Isa 45:2);

others, "the house of a prince." Rather, it comes from the Babylonian

goddess, Shach, by reduplication of the first letter; from her

Misael was named Meshach by the Babylonians. The term

Shace was applied to a festival at Babylon, alluded to in

Jer 51:39, 57;

Isa 21:5.

It was during this feast that Cyrus took Babylon [HERODOTUS, 1]. Thus Jeremiah mystically denotes the time

of its capture by this term [GLASSIUS].

27. rise no more--The heathen nations in question should fall to rise

no more. The Jews should fall but for a time, and then rise again.

Therefore, the epithet is given, "the God of Israel."

28. if they refuse to take the cup--No effort of theirs to escape

destruction will avail.

29. If I spared not Mine elect people on account of sin,

much less will I spare you

(Eze 9:6;

Ob 16;

Lu 23:31;

1Pe 4:17).

be unpunished--"be treated as innocent."

30. roar--image from a destructive lion

(Isa 42:13;

Joe 3:16).

upon his habitation--rather, "His pasturage"; keeping up the image

of a lion roaring against the flock in the pasture. The roar was first

to go forth over Judea wherein were "the sheep of His pasture"

(Ps 100:3),

and thence into heathen lands.

shout . . . tread . . . grapes--

(Jer 48:33;

Isa 16:9, 10).

31. controversy--cause at issue

(Mic 6:2).

plead with all flesh--

(Isa 66:16).

God shows the whole world that He does what is altogether just in

punishing.

32. from the coasts--rather, "from the uttermost regions." Like a

storm which arises in one region and then diffuses itself far and wide,

so God's judgments shall pass "from nation to nation," till all has been

fulfilled; no distance shall prevent the fulfilment.

not be lamented--

(Jer 16:4, 6).

neither gathered--to their fathers, in their ancestral tombs

(Jer 8:2).

dung--

(Ps 83:10).

34. shepherds--princes

(Jer 22:22).

Here he returns to the Jews and their rulers, using the same

image as in

Jer 25:30,

"pasture" (see on

Jer 25:30).

wallow yourselves--Cover yourselves as thickly with ashes, in token

of sorrow, as one who rolls in them

(Jer 6:26;

Eze 27:30)

[MAURER].

principal--leaders. The Septuagint translates "rams," carrying

out the image (compare

Isa 14:9,

Margin;

Zec 10:3).

days of your slaughter . . . of . . . dispersions--rather, "your

days for slaughter (that is, the time of your being slain), and your

dispersions (not 'of your dispersions'), are accomplished

(are come)."

pleasant vessel--Ye were once a precious vessel, but ye shall

fall, and so be a broken vessel

(see on

Jer 22:28).

"Your past excellency shall not render you safe now. I will turn to

your ignominy whatever glory I conferred on you" [CALVIN].

35. Literally, "Flight shall fail the shepherds . . .

escaping (shall fail) the principal," &c.

(Am 2:14).

The leaders will be the first objects for slaughter; escape by flight

will be out of their power.

37. habitations--rather, carrying out the image "pastures"

(see on

Jer 25:30).

The pasturages where, peaceably and without incursion of wild

beasts, the flocks have fed, shall be destroyed; that is, the regions

where, heretofore, there was peace and security (alluding to the

name Salem, or Jerusalem, "possessing peace").

38. his covert--the temple, where heretofore, like a lion, as its

defender, by the mere terror of His voice He warded off the foe; but now

He leaves it a prey to the Gentiles [CALVIN].

fierceness of . . . oppressor--rather, as the Hebrew, for

"oppressor" is an adjective feminine, the word "sword" is understood,

which, in

Jer 46:16; 50:16,

is expressed (indeed, some manuscripts and the Septuagint read

"sword" instead of "fierceness" here; probably interpolated from

Jer 46:16),

"the oppressing sword." The Hebrew for "oppressing" means

also a "dove": there may be, therefore, a covert allusion to the

Chaldean standard bearing a dove on it, in honor of Semiramis, the

first queen, said in popular superstition to have been nourished by

doves when exposed at birth, and at death to have been transformed into

a dove. Her name may come from a root referring to the cooing of

a dove. That bird was held sacred to the goddess Venus. Vulgate

so translates "the anger of the dove."

his . . . anger--If the anger of Nebuchadnezzar cannot be evaded,

how much less that of God (compare

Jer 25:37)!